ETS 2 and CBAM represent powerful climate tools and climate policies for cutting emissions and strengthening Europe’s climate leadership but without careful design their distributional consequences risk undermining support for the transition. The European Union (EU) has consistently presented itself as a global leader in climate governance, committing to reach...
The transition towards climate neutrality represents a profound societal transformation that affects different segments of society in unequal ways and imply the adoption of just transition policies. While the urgency of achieving net zero emissions is clear, the pathway to decarbonisation produces varied impacts across regions, communities, and social groups....
The SPES project suggests that a deeper shift is needed towards a just and green transition — one that redefines the very meaning of productivity, innovation, and competitiveness and how they must support sustainability and equity objectives. SPES does not treat these as separate or even competing dimensions, but as...
